How the gaps were identified
FIRST GAP
We started asking ChatGPT to find cultural properties related to Benozzo Gozzoli. Here is the question we made and the answer of the LLM:
Can you make a SPARQL query on ArCo which can ask the following question: what are the cultural properties of the author Benozzo Gozzoli?
ChatGPT's answer:We need to find cultural properties (typically instances of arco-core:CulturalProperty) that are linked to the author Benozzo Gozzoli as their creator. Here's a SPARQL query that does that:
PREFIX arco-core: <https://w3id.org/arco/core/> PREFIX arco-cd: <https://w3id.org/arco/ontology/context-description/> PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> SELECT DISTINCT ?culturalProperty ?title ?type WHERE { ?culturalProperty a arco-core:CulturalProperty ; arco-core:hasAgentRole ?agentRole . ?agentRole a arco-cd:Author ; arco-core:hasAgent ?author . ?author rdfs:label "Benozzo Gozzoli"@it . OPTIONAL { ?culturalProperty rdfs:label ?title . } OPTIONAL { ?culturalProperty a ?type . } }
We tried this query on the SPARQL endpoint of ArCo (OpenLink Virtuoso SPARQL Query Editor) , it worked but it didn't give any result.
Therefore we said to the LLM:
There are no results for this query on ArCo.
ChatGPT's answer:
Thanks for checking - you're right, the query returns no results as written, likely because of one or more of the following issues:
1. Benozzo Gozzoli may not be labeled exactly as "Benozzo Gozzoli"@it in the ArCo dataset.
2. The author might be represented as a URI, not a literal label.
3. The role or relationship pattern could differ, i.e., arco-core:hasAgentRolemight not be the correct property path.Let me refine the approach by searching for the actual URI of Benozzo gozzoli and adjusting the structure accordingly.
Step-by-step fixed query:
First, try to find the URI for Benozzo Gozzoli in ArCo:
This query searches for any resource whose label includes "benozzo gozzoli" (case-insensitive, Italian).PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> SELECT ?person WHERE { ?person rdfs:label ?label . FILTER (LANG(?label) = "it" && CONTAINS(LCASE(?label), "benozzo gozzoli")) }
This query finds results, but they are only resources related to the low case string “benozzo gozzoli”. We needed to find results related to the label “benozzo gozzoli” regardless of the character, so we asked ChatGPT to rewrite the query with the case insensitive symbol “i” instead of LCASE in the FILTER part. This is its answer:
PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> SELECT ?person WHERE { ?person rdfs:label ?label . FILTER (LANG(?label) = "it" && REGEX(?label, "benozzo gozzoli", "i")) }
We were able to find more results.
ChatGPT's answer continued like this:
If we get a URI like:Would you like me to look up the actual URI for Benozzo Gozzoli in the ArCo dataset for you now?<http://dati.beniculturali.it/lodview/agent/BenozzoGozzoli> We would plug it into this query to find associated cultural properties: PREFIX arco-core: <https://w3id.org/arco/core/> PREFIX arco-cd: <https://w3id.org/arco/ontology/context-description/> PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> SELECT DISTINCT ?culturalProperty ?title ?type WHERE { ?culturalProperty a arco-core:CulturalProperty ; arco-core:hasAgentRole ?agentRole . ?agentRole a arco-cd:Author ; arco-core:hasAgent <http://dati.beniculturali.it/lodview/agent/BenozzoGozzoli> . OPTIONAL { ?culturalProperty rdfs:label ?title . } OPTIONAL { ?culturalProperty a ?type . } }
This last query doesn’t provide any result because ChatGPT made up the URI for Benozzo Gozzoli. We asked ChatGPT to search for a URI. We found the URI and the solution can be seen on the section Challenges. This was ChatGPT's answer:
Thank you for your patience. Upon investigation, it appears that the ArCo dataset does not contain entries for Benozzo Gozzoli or his works. This absence likely explains why the previous SPARQL queries returned no results. However, Benozzo Gozzoli's artworks are well-documented in other cultural heritage datasets, such as Wikidata. For instance, his renowned fresco cycle in the Magi Chapel at Palazzo Medici Riccardi in Florence is cataloged there. To retrieve information about cultural properties associated with Benozzo Gozzoli from Wikidata, you can use the following SPARQL query:This query retrieves works created by Benozzo Gozzoli, along with their labels, locations, and inception dates, if available. You can execute this query on the Wikidata Query Service. If you need assistance in adapting this query for other datasets or require further information, feel free to ask.PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/> PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/> PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> SELECT DISTINCT ?work ?workLabel ?locationLabel ?inception WHERE { ?work wdt:P170 wd:Q55919. # Benozzo Gozzoli's Wikidata ID OPTIONAL { ?work wdt:P276 ?location. } OPTIONAL { ?work wdt:P571 ?inception. } SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language "en". } } ORDER BY ?inception
ChatGPT suggested using Wikidata, another knowledge graph, but it is not part of our project therefore we avoided it. Overall, the request to ChatGPT to find the URI of Benozzo Gozzoli led to no results, so we decided to search for the URI in a different way, which will be addressed in the Challenges page. We still thought that it was a good idea to insert this answer by ChatGPT because it shows how this LLM reasons.
SECOND GAP
Can you open the Benozzo Gozzoli's DBpedia page? https://dbpedia.org/page/Benozzo_Gozzoli
Here’s a summary of the Benozzo Gozzoli page on DBpedia (via search result) with key details:
Benozzo Gozzoli (c. 1421 – October 4, 1497)
- Birth name: Benozzo di Lese
- Born: around 1421 in Sant'Ilario a Colombano (near Scandicci), Republic of Florence wga.hu+13dbpedia.org+13hu.dbpedia.org+13
- Died: October 4, 1497, in Pistoia, Republic of Florence museothyssen.org+4dbpedia.org+4en.wikipedia.org+4
- Nationality: Florentine (Italian Renaissance painter) artcyclopedia.com+4dbpedia.org+4en.wikipedia.org+4
Career & Artistic Contributions
- Pupil and assistant of Fra Angelico: cooperated with Lorenzo Ghiberti on the Doors of Paradise for Florence’s Baptistery around 1444–1447
artcyclopedia.com+8en.wikipedia.org+8dbpedia.org+8
- Collaborated with Fra Angelico on Vatican frescoes (Niccoline Chapel) and on the vault in Orvieto Cathedral in 1447–1448
en.wikipedia.org+1pt.wikipedia.org+1
- His most celebrated work is the fresco cycle in the Magi Chapel of Palazzo Medici-Riccardi (Florence, circa 1459–1460), featuring lavish processions, rich portraiture (including Medici and his own self-portrait), landscapes, and an International Gothic influence museothyssen.org+6en.wikipedia.org+6dbpedia.org+6
- Also completed extensive frescoes:
- Saint Augustine’s Life cycles in Sant’Agostino, San Gimignano (1464–1467) artcyclopedia.com+7it.wikipedia.org+7en.wikipedia.org+7
- Old Testament cycle in Camposanto Monumentale, Pisa (1469–1484; largely destroyed in WWII) wga.hu+2dbpedia.org+2museothyssen.org+2
Style & Legacy
- Known as one of the most prolific fresco painters of his generation
- His style is marked by bright coloration, detailed storytelling, and blending of International Gothic elements with naturalistic Renaissance landscapes and portraiture museothyssen.org+3dbpedia.org+3artsandculture.google.com+3
If you'd like to dive deeper into his biography, explore high‑resolution images of his frescoes, or learn about museums where his works are displayed, just let me know!
Can you open the Benozzo Gozzoli's DBpedia page? https://dbpedia.org/page/Benozzo_Gozzoli
Gemini answer:
I cannot directly "open" a web page in the way a web browser does. As a text-based AI, I don't have a graphical user interface or the ability to navigate the web interactively. However, I can confirm that the link you provided, https://dbpedia.org/page/Benozzo_Gozzoli, is the correct URL for the DBpedia page about Benozzo Gozzoli. If you would like me to extract specific information from that page, or analyze its content, please let me know! You would need to provide me with the text content if you want me to process it, as I cannot browse the internet in real-time.
During our research we checked Michelangelo’s DBpedia page and we noticed that while he has a dbo:author property that connects him to some of his works, on Benozzo Gozzoli’s page there is no dbo:author property connecting his artworks. This is a triple that we created that can potentially add dbo:author property for Benozzo Gozzoli. We checked it on an RDF validator.
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<rdf:RDF
xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"
xmlns:dbo="http://dbpedia.org/ontology/"
xmlns:dbr="http://dbpedia.org/resource/"
xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#">
<!-- Benozzo Gozzoli resource with dbo:authorOf property -->
<rdf:Description rdf:about="https://dbpedia.org/page/Benozzo_Gozzoli">
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">Benozzo Gozzoli</rdfs:label>
<dbo:authorOf rdf:resource="link to the new page"/>
</rdf:Description>
</rdf:RDF>
THIRD GAP
At this point we chose some artworks by Benozzo Gozzoli and asked ChatGPT if they were available on DBpedia.
This was our first question, using a few shot prompting:
Can you see on the SPARQL endpoint of DBpedia (https://dbpedia.org/sparql) if these artworks by Benozzo Gozzoli are
present on DBpedia? Also see if their name is in the English translation. Do not consider Wikidata in your answer. These are the Italian titles of the artworks:
While you answer this question, follow this pattern:
Title of the artwork: Purification of the Virgin
Present on DBpedia: Yes
Image present under property foaf:depiction: No
ChatGPT's answer:
Here are the results of the SPARQL check on DBpedia for each of the listed artworks by Benozzo Gozzoli (checking for English‑labelled entries only, excluding Wikidata):
- L'adorazione dei Magi (Adoration of the Magi)
Present on DBpedia:Yes — the broader subject Adoration of the Magi is present and linked within Benozzo Gozzoli’s page en.wikipedia.org+6dbpedia.org+6it.wikipedia.org+6.
Image present under property "foaf:depiction": No — there is no specific depiction tied to a DBpedia resource for Gozzoli's Adoration of the Magi, only general depictions associated with the artist himself.
The specific artwork is actually not available on DBpedia, there is only the page for the “Procession of the Magi” and also the biblical theme of the Adoration of the Magi. So we can enrich DBpedia also with this artwork.
- Cristo in pietà tra la Vergine e San Giovanni (Christ the Man of Sorrows between the Virgin Mary and St. John the Evangelist)
Present on DBpedia:No — a SPARQL search and page browse did not produce any specific DBpedia resource or English‑labelled entry for this title under Gozzoli.
Image present under property "foaf:depiction": N/A (since the artwork itself isn't present).- Incendio di Sodoma, distruzione di Sodoma e Gomorra (The burning of Sodom)
Present on DBpedia:No — no DBpedia entry or mention for this work by Gozzoli was found.
Image present under property "foaf:depiction": N/A.- L’ubriachezza di Noè, l'ebbrezza di Noè (The Vintage and Drunkenness of Noah)
Present on DBpedia:No — likewise, no matching DBpedia resource or English‑labelled title exists for this painting.
Image present under property "foaf:depiction": N/A.
We also checked manually if these artworks are actually missing on DBpedia. We used these four artworks to create RDF triples which can be used to enrich DBpedia. On Benozzo Gozzoli’s DBpedia page there are some resources whose name seem to refer to the artist’s artworks, but they are actually cultural/biblical themes, they are not connected Gozzoli with the property dbo:Author.
FOURTH GAP
Later during the project, we found another gap on DBpedia compared to ArCo, which was missing information in the italian biography of Benozzo Gozzoli on DBpedia. Indeed, the Dutch version of his biography presented much more information than the Italian one, consisting of a brief description. Since he is an italian artist, we thought it would be ideal to enrich his biography in the italian language. The methodology to do so will be further explained in the “Challenges” section since in doing so, we faced a peculiar problem.