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Challenges

FIRST CHALLENGE: ChatGPT and Gemini were not able to find the URI of Benozzo Gozzoli on ArCo

How was this discovered? We asked ChatGPT to create a SPARQL query to find Benozzo Gozzoli’s URI, which we needed to find the cultural properties associated with him on ArCo. This investigation led to no results since, according to ChatGPT, there is no URI for Benozzo Gozzoli on the ArCo knowledge graph. Nonetheless, there are works created by Benozzo Gozzoli, along with labels and locations on the ArCo dataset, which however are not linked to Gozzoli as author.
How was this solved? We asked ChatGpt if it was possible to find cultural properties of Benozzo Gozzoli without using the URI.
How can we find cultural properties which are not directly linked to a URI of Benozzo Gozzoli?

You can try to search for works by Benozzo Gozzoli even if they are not linked directly to the Benozzo Gozzoli entity via properties such as arc:author or similar. There are several ways to do this, and I will explain some strategies:

1. Search for works that have his name as the label or description

You can search for resources that contain “Benozzo Gozzoli” in their labels or descriptions even if they are not formally linked through authorship. For example: 
 
        PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>

SELECT DISTINCT ?opera ?label
WHERE {
  ?opera rdfs:label ?label .
  FILTER(CONTAINS(LCASE(STR(?label)), "benozzo gozzoli"))
}
LIMIT 100

2. Search using free text properties, such as descriptions or notes

If the dataset has properties such as dc:description or other free text properties, you can search there as well.

3. Search by subject or topic

If the works are labeled with subjects, topics, or classifications realted to Benozzo Gozzoli (e.g., "freschi di Benozzo Gozzoli", or "Magi Chapel"), you can search for works with those subjects.

4. Search with wider queries using UNION or OPTIONAL

You can merge multiple filler conditions to search the name in multiple properties:

        PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
PREFIX dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/>

SELECT DISTINCT ?opera ?label ?desc
WHERE {
  ?opera a ?tipo .
  OPTIONAL { ?opera rdfs:label ?label }
  OPTIONAL { ?opera dc:description ?desc }
  FILTER (
    (BOUND(?label) && CONTAINS(LCASE(STR(?label)), "benozzo gozzoli")) ||
    (BOUND(?desc) && CONTAINS(LCASE(STR(?desc)), "benozzo gozzoli"))
  )
}
LIMIT 100

Can you rewrite this last query using union?

Absolutely! Here's how you can remake your query using UNION instead of just OPTIONAL, to explicitly combine conditions that check multiple properties (like rdfs:label and dc:description) for mentions of "benozzo gozzoli".

SPARQL Query Using UNION to Search Multiple Fields


  SELECT DISTINCT ?opera ?label ?desc
WHERE {
  {
    ?opera rdfs:label ?label .
    FILTER (CONTAINS(LCASE(STR(?label)), "benozzo gozzoli"))
  }
  UNION
  {
    ?opera dc:description ?desc .
    FILTER (CONTAINS(LCASE(STR(?desc)), "benozzo gozzoli"))
  }
}
LIMIT 100

Thanks to this query, we were able to identify the cultural properties associated with Benozzo Gozzoli through their labels and descriptions. Among the various properties of the different URIs found, one appeared frequently: dc:creator https://w3id.org/arco/resource/Agent/aac28c7ad97085f1ed9c62729f1cd43d, referring to Benozzo di Lese, known as Benozzo Gozzoli – ca . 1421 / 1497. This allowed us to ultimately find the URI for Benozzo Gozzoli, which — contrary to what was stated by ChatGPT and Gemini — does in fact exist in ArCo.

SECOND CHALLENGE: Enrichment of DBpedia using ArCo

We also created another SPARQL query on ArCo endpoint to see the artworks in alphabetical order.


  PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
PREFIX dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/>

SELECT DISTINCT ?opera ?label 
WHERE {
  ?opera  
         dc:creator <https://w3id.org/arco/resource/Agent/aac28c7ad97085f1ed9c62729f1cd43d> ;
         rdfs:label ?label .
}
ORDER BY LCASE(STR(?label))
LIMIT 100

To solve the gap we identified, we created RDF triples for the artworks we selected in ArCo to potentially enrich DBpedia.

- L'adorazione dei Magi(Adoration of the Magi)
      <?xml version="1.0"?>
<rdf:RDF
    xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"
    xmlns:foaf="http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/"
    xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"
    xmlns:dbo="http://dbpedia.org/ontology/"
    xmlns:dbp="http://dbpedia.org/property/"
    xmlns:dbr="http://dbpedia.org/resource/"
    xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#">

  <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://dbpedia.org/resource/Adorazione_dei_Magi_(Gozzoli)">
    <dbo:abstract xml:lang="it">Questo impegnativo volume riproduce gli affreschi del Camposanto di Pisa, mediante le incisioni di Carlo Lasinio. E' un'importante fonte documentaria poichè testimonia di parti figurate che oggi sono illeggibili oppure non più visibili. La tavola, di ampio formato è costituita da due fogli interi. Accuratissimo il chiaroscuro, con i neri molto evidenti che permettono di ritenere questa copia una delle prima tirature </dbo:abstract>
 <dbo:abstract xml:lang="en">This challenging volume replicates the frescoes of the Pisa Cemetery through the engravings of Carlo Lasinio. It is an important source of documentation as it witnesses figurative parts that are either illegible or no longer visible today. The large-format panel consists of two full sheets. Very meticulous chiaroscuro, with very evident blacks that allow this copy to be considered one of the first circulations.</dbo:abstract>
    <dbp:type rdf:resource="http://dbpedia.org/ontology/Artwork"/>
    <rdfs:label xml:lang="it">Adorazione dei Magi</rdfs:label>
    <rdfs:label xml:lang="en">Adoration of the Magi</rdfs:label>
    <foaf:depiction rdf:resource="http://www.sigecweb.beniculturali.it/images/fullsize/ICCD50007128/ICCD8526252_SBAAAS_PI_160063.jpg"/>
    <dbo:author rdf:resource="http://dbpedia.org/resource/Benozzo_Gozzoli"/>
    <dbo:location rdf:resource="http://dbpedia.org/resource/Piazza_dei_Miracoli"/>
    <dbp:year xml:lang="en"> (?) 1812-(?) 1812  </dbp:year>
    <dbo:medium xml:lang="en">Fresco</dbo:medium>
  </rdf:Description>
- Cristo in pietà tra la Vergine e San Giovanni (Christ the Man of sorrows between the Virgin Mary and St. John the Evangelist)
        <?xml version="1.0"?>
<rdf:RDF
    xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"
    xmlns:foaf="http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/"
    xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"
    xmlns:dbo="http://dbpedia.org/ontology/"
    xmlns:dbp="http://dbpedia.org/property/"
    xmlns:dbr="http://dbpedia.org/resource/"
    xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#">

  <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://dbpedia.org/resource/Cristo_in_pietà_tra_la_Vergine_e_San_Giovanni,_Cristo_in_pietà_tra_la_Madonna_e_San_Giovanni_Evangelista">
    <dbo:abstract xml:lang="it">Si tratta del pannello di una predella di una pala d'altare non identificata. L'attribuzione a Benozzo Gozzoli risale al 1968 (Bollettino d'Arte 1968, p. 226) ed è stata concordemente accettata dalla critica. Recentemente Diane Cole Ahl (1997) ha avanzato l'ipotesi che le figure siano da riferire a Benozzo mentre il paesaggio potrebbe essere stato completato dalla bottega. Riguardo alla datazione Cole Ahl ipotizza che la tavoletta braidense sia avvicinabile a due dipinti pisani, la Pala di San Lazzaro fuori le mura (1469) e la Pala della Compagnia dei Fiorentini di Ottawa (1476/77) </dbo:abstract>
 <dbo:abstract xml:lang="en">This is the panel of a predella of an unidentified altarpiece. The attribution to Benozzo Gozzoli dates from 1968 (Bollettino d'Arte 1968, p. 226) and has been unanimously accepted by critics. Recently Diane Cole Ahl (1997) has advanced the hypothesis that the figures are to be attributed to Benozzo while the landscape may have been completed by the studio. Regarding the dating Cole Ahl suggests that the Braidense tablet is comparable to two Pisan paintings, the Pala di San Lazzaro fuori le mura (1469) and the Pala della Compagnia dei Fiorentini in Ottawa (1476/77)</dbo:abstract>
    <dbp:type rdf:resource="http://dbpedia.org/ontology/Artwork"/>
    <rdfs:label xml:lang="it">Cristo in pietà tra la_Vergine e San_Giovanni, Cristo in pietà tra la Madonna e San Giovanni Evangelista</rdfs:label>
    <rdfs:label xml:lang="en">Christ the Man of Sorrows between the Virgin Mary and St. John the Evangelist</rdfs:label>
    <foaf:depiction rdf:resource="http://www.sigecweb.beniculturali.it/images/fullsize/ICCD50007116/ICCD3307088_L0212829.jpg"/>
    <dbo:author rdf:resource="http://dbpedia.org/resource/Benozzo_Gozzoli"/>
    <dbo:location rdf:resource="https://w3id.org/arco/resource/TimeIndexedTypedLocation/0300180313-current"/>
    <dbp:year xml:lang="en"> ca 1469-ca 1477 </dbp:year>
    <dbo:medium xml:lang="en">Fresco</dbo:medium>
  </rdf:Description>

</rdf:RDF>
- Incendio di Sodoma, distruzione di Sodoma e Gomorra (The burning of sodom)
        <?xml version="1.0"?>
<rdf:RDF
    xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"
    xmlns:foaf="http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/"
    xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"
    xmlns:dbo="http://dbpedia.org/ontology/"
    xmlns:dbp="http://dbpedia.org/property/"
    xmlns:dbr="http://dbpedia.org/resource/"
    xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#">

  <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://dbpedia.org/resource/Incendio_di_Sodoma,_distruzione_di_Sodoma_e_Gomorra">
    <dbo:abstract xml:lang="it">Questo impegnativo volume riproduce gli affreschi del Camposanto di Pisa, mediante le incisioni di Carlo Lasinio. E' un'importante fonte documentaria poichè testimonia di parti figurate che oggi sono illeggibili oppure non più visibili. La tavola, di ampio formato è costituita da due fogli interi. Accuratissimo il chiaroscuro, con i neri molto evidenti che permettono di ritenere questa copia una delle prima tirature </dbo:abstract>
 <dbo:abstract xml:lang="en">This demanding volume reproduces the frescoes of the Camposanto di Pisa, using engravings by Carlo Lasinio. It is an important documentary source as it testifies to figurative parts that are now illegible or no longer visible. The large-format table consists of two whole sheets. Very accurate chiaroscuro, with very evident blacks that allow to consider this copy one of the first editions </dbo:abstract>
    <dbp:type rdf:resource="http://dbpedia.org/ontology/Artwork"/>
    <rdfs:label xml:lang="it">Incendio di Sodoma, distruzione di Sodoma e Gomorra</rdfs:label>
    <rdfs:label xml:lang="en">The burning of sodom</rdfs:label>
    <foaf:depiction rdf:resource="http://www.sigecweb.beniculturali.it/images/fullsize/ICCD50007116/ICCD8179104_S0212578.jpg"/>
    <dbo:author rdf:resource="http://dbpedia.org/resource/Benozzo_Gozzoli"/>
    <dbo:location rdf:resource="http://dbpedia.org/resource/Piazza_dei_Miracoli"/>
    <dbp:year xml:lang="en"> ca 1822-ca 1822  </dbp:year>
    <dbo:medium xml:lang="en">Fresco</dbo:medium%gt;
  </rdf:Description>

</rdf:RDF>
- L'ubriachezza di Noè, l'ebbrezza di Noè (The Vintage and Drunkenness of Noah)
       
<rdf:RDF
    xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"
    xmlns:foaf="http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/"
    xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"
    xmlns:dbo="http://dbpedia.org/ontology/"
    xmlns:dbp="http://dbpedia.org/property/"
    xmlns:dbr="http://dbpedia.org/resource/"
    xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#">

  <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://dbpedia.org/resource/Ubriachezza_di_Noè">
    <dbo:abstract xml:lang="it">Questo impegnativo volume riproduce gli affreschi del Camposanto di Pisa, mediante le incisioni di Carlo Lasinio. E' un'importante fonte documentaria poichè testimonia di parti figurate che oggi sono illeggibili oppure non più visibili. La tavola, di ampio formato è costituita da due fogli interi. Accuratissimo il chiaroscuro, con i neri molto evidenti che permettono di ritenere questa copia una delle prima tirature </dbo:abstract>
 <dbo:abstract xml:lang="en">This demanding volume reproduces the frescoes of the Camposanto di Pisa, using engravings by Carlo Lasinio. It is an important documentary source as it testifies to figurative parts that are now illegible or no longer visible. The large-format table consists of two whole sheets. Very accurate chiaroscuro, with very evident blacks that allow to consider this copy one of the first editions </dbo:abstract>
    <dbp:type rdf:resource="http://dbpedia.org/ontology/Artwork"/>
    <rdfs:label xml:lang="it">L'ubriachezza di Noè, ebbrezza di Noè</rdfs:label>
    <rdfs:label xml:lang="en">The Vintage and Drunkenness of Noah</rdfs:label>
    <foaf:depiction rdf:resource="http://www.sigecweb.beniculturali.it/images/fullsize/ICCD50007116/ICCD8179090_S0212571.jpg"/>
    <dbo:author rdf:resource="http://dbpedia.org/resource/Benozzo_Gozzoli"/>
 <dbo:location rdf:resource="https://dati.beniculturali.it/lodview-arco/resource/TimeIndexedTypedLocation/0300205486-alternative-1.html"/>
    <dbp:year xml:lang="en"> ca 1822-ca 1822 </dbp:year>
    <dbo:medium xml:lang="en">Fresco</dbo:medium>
  </rdf:Description>

</rdf:RDF>

THIRD CHALLENGE: Different version of Benozzo Gozzoli's Biography on DBpedia

https://dbpedia.org/page/Benozzo_Gozzoli by clicking on this link from different laptops, at the same moment, we realized that we were reading different information.

Gozzoli DBpedia

Image 1, without the Dutch version.

Gozzoli DBpedia

Image 2, with the Dutch version.

So we asked ChatGPT why this was happening: Can you explain to me through a step by step reasoning (Chain of thought) why this happens: when I click on this link from one laptop https://dbpedia.org/page/Benozzo_Gozzoli I can read a biography without the Dutch version, on the other hand, if I click on the same link, in the same moment, but with a different laptop, I find a different biography, where the Dutch version is available.

Answer: ChatGPT

Absolutely — let’s break this down step by step to understand why you might see different content on the same URL, https://dbpedia.org/page/Benozzo_Gozzoli, depending on the laptop you use.

Step-by-Step Reasoning:

Step 1: Understand What DBpedia is:

- DBpedia is a project that extracts structured from Wikipedia and makes it available on the web.
- The page you're visiting is not static HTML like a typical webpage. It is dynamically generated based on RDF data (a semantic format).

Step 2: Understand what Varies Between Laptops

Even if you're visiting the same URL, the following client-side variables can affect what you see:
- Browser language settings
- Cookies or cache
- User-Agent string (different browsers/devices
- Geolocation (based on IP)
- Query parameters, even if hidden or appended by extensions

Step 3: Language Preferences in HTTP Requests

- When you visit a website, your browser sends an Accept-Language HTTP reader indicating your preferred languages.
Example: Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.9,nl;q=0.8
DBpedia uses this to adapt the content it shows. This is the most likely reason:
- On Laptop A, your browser might be set to prefer English only.
- On Laptop B, your browser might be set to prefer Dutch (nl) or includes Dutch as a fallback.
- So DBpedia shows you different RDF-extracted versions accordingly.

Step 4: Differences in Cached Data

- One browser may have cached an older version of the page, or DBpedia might have returned slightly different content because of minor time-based updates.

Step 5: Extensions or Network Settings

- Some browser extensions or privacy settings can manipulate headers (including Accept-Language), spoofing your region or preferences. - VPNs or proxies can also affect perceived location or language.

How to confirm this?

You can check your browser's current language preference like this:
In Chrome:
1. Go to chrome://settings/languages
2. See which languages are listed and their priority.
In Firefox:
1. Go to about:preferences#general
2. Scroll to “Language” section.
Try setting both laptops to the same language preferences, clear cache, and then reload the page — you'll likely see the same content.

Summary:

You’re seeing different versions of the page because DBpedia dynamically adapts to the browser's language preferences (Accept-Language header). One laptop likely signals a preference for Dutch, while the other doesn’t — leading to different RDF views of the same entity. Let me know if you’d like to test this out interactively or view the HTTP headers directly!

Answer: GEMINI

Chain of Thought:
1. Is the link truly the same?


- Reasoning: This is the most fundamental question. Even a subtle difference in the URL (e.g., a query parameter, an extra character) could lead to different content.
- Action: Double-check both URLs character by character. Copy and paste them into a text editor to compare them precisely. Even a trailing slash can sometimes make a difference, though less common with DBPedia.
- Likelihood: High if human error in copying/typing occurred. Low if truly copied and pasted identically.

2. Is there a difference in browser settings or browser type?


- Reasoning: Browsers can have different language preferences, cookie settings, or even ad-blockers/extensions that alter how a page is displayed or which content is fetched. DBPedia often uses content negotiation based on browser language preferences.
- Action:
- Check the default language settings in both browsers (e.g., in Chrome: Settings -> Languages). If one browser has Dutch higher in its preferred language list, DBPedia might offer the Dutch version to that browser.
- Compare the browser versions (e.g., Chrome, Firefox, Edge, Safari) and their specific versions.
- Disable any ad-blockers or extensions on both browsers and re-test.
- Try using "Incognito" or "Private Browse" mode on both laptops to see if the behavior persists (this disables most extensions and clears session-specific data).
- Likelihood: High, especially for language differences.

3. Is there a difference in operating system language settings?


- Reasoning: While less common for simple web page rendering, some websites might infer language preferences from the operating system's locale settings.
- Action: Check the language settings of the operating system on both laptops (e.g., Windows Settings -> Time & Language -> Language or macOS System Settings -> General -> Language & Region).
- Likelihood: Medium, less direct than browser language but possible.

4. Is there a difference in network location or IP address geo-localization?


- Reasoning: While DBPedia is a global resource and doesn't typically geo-restrict content like this, some large content providers might have different content servers or variations based on the perceived geographical location of the user (inferred from IP address).
- Action:
- Are both laptops on the exact same Wi-Fi network?
- If one laptop is using a VPN or proxy, that would certainly change its perceived location.
- Check the public IP address of both laptops (you can do this by searching "what is my IP" on Google). If they are different, investigate why.
- Likelihood: Low for DBPedia specifically, but worth considering for general web behavior.

5. Caching issues (browser or network level)?


- Reasoning: One laptop might be serving a cached version of the page (either from its browser cache or an intermediate network cache), while the other is fetching a fresh version. The cached version might predate the availability of the Dutch translation or be a different variant.
- Action:
On both laptops, clear the browser cache and cookies for dbpedia.org and re-test.

Having understood the problem, we decided to stick with the version of the biography which presents a long description in Dutch. We then decided to enrich the biography since the Italian version was very short. To solve this gap we created RDF triples to enrich the Italian translation of his bibliography.

<?xml version="1.0"?>
<rdf:RDF
    xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"
    xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"
    xmlns:dbo="http://dbpedia.org/ontology/"
    xmlns:dbr="http://dbpedia.org/resource/">

  <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://dbpedia.org/resource/Benozzo_Gozzoli">
    <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Person"/>
    <rdfs:label xml:lang="en">Benozzo Gozzoli</rdfs:label>
    <rdfs:label xml:lang="it">Benozzo di Lese detto Benozzo Gozzoli</rdfs:label>

    <dbo:abstract xml:lang="en">
      Benozzo Gozzoli (c. 1421 – 4 October 1497) was an Italian Renaissance painter from Florence. A pupil of Fra Angelico, Gozzoli is best known for a series of murals in the Magi Chapel of the Palazzo Medici-Riccardi, depicting festive, vibrant processions with fine attention to detail and a pronounced International Gothic influence. The chapel's fresco cycle reveals a new Renaissance interest in nature with its realistic depiction of landscapes and vivid human portraits. Gozzoli is considered one of the most prolific fresco painters of his generation. While he was mainly active in Tuscany, he also worked in Umbria and Rome.
    </dbo:abstract>

    <dbo:abstract xml:lang="it">
      Benozzo Gozzoli (c. 1421 – 4 ottobre 1497) è stato un pittore del Rinascimento italiano di Firenze. Allievo di Fra Angelico, Gozzoli è noto soprattutto per una serie di affreschi nella Cappella dei Magi del Palazzo Medici-Riccardi, che raffigurano processioni festose e vivaci con grande attenzione ai dettagli e una marcata influenza del Gotico Internazionale. Il ciclo di affreschi della cappella rivela un nuovo interesse rinascimentale per la natura con la sua rappresentazione realistica dei paesaggi e ritratti umani vivaci. Gozzoli è considerato uno dei più prolifici pittori di affreschi della sua generazione. Sebbene abbia lavorato principalmente in Toscana, ha operato anche in Umbria e a Roma.
    </dbo:abstract>
  </rdf:Description>

</rdf:RDF>